Per-fluoroalkyl and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are man-made chemicals that have been in use since the 1940s. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) have been the most extensively produced and studied of the PFAS group. Both persistent chemicals do not breakdown and may bioaccumulate. Exposure to these and other PFAS may lead to adverse human health effects.  Historically, they have been used in processing, manufacturing, military installations, and at the municipal level most often in the form of firefighting foam. Fire departments are known to store and use flame retardant chemicals known as firefighting foam.  The federal government has adopted its own standards for PFAS and several states have implemented their own standards for soil and groundwater.  As a PFAS consultant ACER can provide PFAS site investigation services including sampling groundwater for PFAS and other substances to determine if PFAS is present and identify the source area(s) and extent of any contamination that is confirmed.